Computer forensic investigations usually follow th Essays

Computer forensic investigations usually follow the standard digital forensic process or phases: acquisition, examination, analysis and reporting. Investigations are performed on static data (i.e. acquired images ) rather than "live" systems. This is a change from early forensic practices where a lack of specialist tools led to investigators commonly working on live data. Techniques [ edit ] A number of techniques are used during computer forensics investigations and much has been written on the many techniques used by law enforcement in particular. See, e.g., "Defending Child Pornography Cases". Cross-drive analysis A forensic technique that correlates information found on multiple hard drives . The process, still being researched, can be used to identify social networks and to perform anomaly detection . [9] [10] Live analysis The examination of computers from within the operating system using custom forensics or existing sysadmin tools to extract evidence. The practice is useful when dealing with Encrypting File Systems , for example, where the encryption keys may be collected and, in some instances, the logical hard drive volume may be imaged (known as a live acquisition) before the computer is shut down. Deleted files A common technique used in computer forensics is the recovery of deleted files. Modern forensic software have their own tools for recovering or carving out deleted data. [11] Most operating systems and file systems do not always erase physical file data, allowing investigators to reconstruct it from the physical disk sectors . File carving involves searching for known file headers within the disk image and reconstructing deleted materials. Stochastic forensics A method which uses stochastic properties of the computer system to investigate activities lacking digital artifacts. Its chief use is to investigate data theft . Steganography One of the techniques used to hide data is via steganography, the process of hiding data inside of a picture or digital image. An example would be to hide pornographic images of children or other information that a given criminal does not want to have discovered. Computer forensics professionals can fight this by looking at the hash of the file and comparing it to the original image (if available.) While the image appears exactly the same, the hash changes as the data changes. [12] Volatile data [ edit ] When seizing evidence, if the machine is still active, any information stored solely in RAM that is not recovered before powering down may be lost. [8] One application of "live analysis" is to recover RAM data (for example, using Microsoft's COFEE tool, windd, WindowsSCOPE ) prior to removing an exhibit. CaptureGUARD Gateway bypasses Windows login for locked computers, allowing for the analysis and acquisition of physical memory on a locked computer. RAM can be analyzed for prior content after power loss, because the electrical charge stored in the memory cells takes time to dissipate, an effect exploited by the cold boot attack . The length of time that data is recoverable is increased by low temperatures and higher cell voltages. Holding unpowered RAM below 60C helps preserve residual data by an order of magnitude, improving the chances of successful recovery. However, it can be impractical to do this during a field examination. [13] Some of the tools needed to extract volatile data, however, require that a computer be in a forensic lab, both to maintain a legitimate chain of evidence, and to facilitate work on the machine. If necessary, law enforcement applies techniques to move a live, running desktop computer. These include a mouse jiggler , which moves the mouse rapidly in small movements and prevents the computer from going to sleep accidentally. Usually, an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides power during transit. However, one of the easiest ways to capture data is by actually saving the RAM data to disk. Various file systems that have journaling features such as NTFS and ReiserFS keep a large portion of the RAM data on the main storage media during operation, and these page files can be reassembled to reconstruct what was in RAM at that time. [14] Analysis tools [ edit ] See also: List of digital forensics tools A number of open source and commercial tools exist for computer forensics investigation. Typical forensic analysis includes a manual review of

Typical New Years Greetings in French

Typical New Years Greetings in French The  French really know how to celebrate New Years. Indeed, New Years in France is not just a day, or a day and an evening, but an entire season. Saying Happy New Year in French involves knowing basic New Years greetings as well as learning French New Years greetings related to the season. Typical French New Years Greeting In English, you say Happy New Year. But the French generally dont say new when wishing someone a great year. Instead, in French, you say only happy year, as in: Bonne annà ©e Happy New Year The French usually follow this expression with a phrase that literally translates as have a good health, as in: Bonne santà © Good health to you. To really understand how to send New Years greetings, its helpful to learn that in France, citizens celebrate the New Years (or holiday) season for more than a month.   Sending Greetings for the Upcoming Year The holiday season in France starts with la Saint Nicolas on Dec. 6. The holiday season actually ends on  Three Kings Day  (lEpiphanie)  when you typically eat une galette des rois  (a wafer of kings) on Jan. 6. Confusing matters even more, its customary to wait to send out your good wishes for a French happy (new) year until the end of January. These examples show what you might write on greeting cards to your French friends wishing them a happy new year. Toute la famille se joint moi pour vous souhaiter une joyeuse annà ©e 2019: que la santà ©, lamour et la rà ©ussite vous accompagnent dans tous vos projets.   The whole family joins me in wishing you a joyful year in 2019: Let health, love, and success be with you in all your projects.Une annà ©e se termine, une autre la remplace: voici une merveilleuse occasion de vous adresser tous mes vÅ“ux de bonheur et de rà ©ussite.   A year ends, another one replaces it: Here is a marvelous occasion to send you all my wishes for happiness and success.Je te souhaite une trà ¨s bonne annà ©e 2019, pleine de projets, de rencontres et de belles surprises.   I wish you a very happy 2019, full of projects, encounters, and beautiful surprises. Putting the New in French Happy New Year Though you dont say new when wishing someone a happy new year on Dec. 31 or Jan. 1, you can slip the word in when sending someone a card wishing her well at the end of the holiday season, as in: Tous nos vÅ“ux pour  cette  nouvelle  annà ©e,  ils  portent en  eux  lexpression  dune  sincà ¨re affection. All our wishes for this new year. They carry the expression of my deepest friendship.Nous vous envoyons tous nos meilleurs vÅ“ux pour la nouvelle annà ©e et vous embrassons bien fort. Sending you all our kisses  for the new year.Que te souhaiter de mieux que la santà © dans ta vie, la prospà ©rità © dans ton travail et beaucoup damour tout au long de cette  nouvelle  annà ©e.   What best could we wish you more than health in your life, prosperity in work, and lots of love throughout the New Year?

Qatar National Vision 2030 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qatar National Vision 2030 - Research Paper Example As far as the living conditions are concerned, the vision aims at developing beyond the production of oil. Basically, vision 2030 Qatar aims at impacting the human development, social, economic and environmental development. Human development is an aspect of the vision that Qatar aims at bringing it to life. The aspects that have been outlined in the human development include the health of the people of Qatar and their political well being. According to General secretariat for development (2012) the vision aims at improving the health of a citizen of Qatar by coming up with a system of healthcare provision that is well integrated. Technology is the order here and, therefore, healthcare services will deploy the latest technology for the good of the health of the people of Qatar (National Health Strategy, 2011). In addition, the people managing the healthcare services will be well trained to meet the high world-class standards. The services will be made accessible to everyone and, ther efore, no one will be left out in any case. The world-class healthcare provision will not only serve the existing generation, but also the generations to come. The political aspect of human development shall be based on the constitution to help in the resolving of the political leadership of the citizens of Qatar. The aspect of human development is a key pillar to the achieving the vision 2030 because, people make a very precious asset to the country (Qatar Tribune, 2011). If the investment are well established in the people, full participation to economic, social and political aspects will be guaranteed. As a result, the entire society will prosper. Human development also stresses on the improved education and full participation in the Qatar workforce. With human development the vision is achieved because, healthy living will dictates productivity, improved education improves on knowledge while improved participation results into sustainable economic growth. Social development is a lso a pillar onto which Qatar vision 2030 is built. Social development aims at projecting components such as the social welfare of the Qatar citizens and also protection to the citizens. Social development also aims at motivating the citizens of Qatar to actively participate in the development of national unity. Social development also entails equal opportunities to access education, career development and employment opportunities without basing on factors such as ethnic groups, age, social status or people’s background. Social development also aims at providing adequate social care and protection. In essence, it aims at developing families that are dedicated enough to offer protection and care to its members while taking into account the moral standards of the society at large (Ng and Khalaqi, 2011). Social development is a stepping stone to the achievement of the Qatar vision 2030 as with it, a well developed social structure will be formed and hence enhancing the internati onal cooperation. This hence means Qatar will stick to its international role, and hence sustainable growth. Economic development is also a pillar that plays a crucial role in the attaining of the vision 2030, of Qatar. Economic develop

Microeconmoics problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microeconmoics problems - Essay Example When the first customer is admitted, the marginal benefit ($15.25) exceeds the marginal cost of that customer ($14). When the second customer is admitted, the marginal benefit of $15.25 received exceeds the marginal cost of $14.5 of admitting the second customer. Similarly, when the third customer is admitted, the marginal benefit ($15.25) of admitting the third customer exceeds the marginal cost ($15). However, if the fourth customer is admitted, marginal cost ($15.5) exceeds the marginal benefit ($15.25). Hence 3 customers should be admitted per hour to earn an optimum profit. b) If the price of one-hour workout is increased to $16.25, five customers should be admitted. If more than 5 customers are admitted, marginal cost will exceed marginal benefit. Question 8: a) The cost of taking an additional class for Lauren $20. The optimal number of classes should be where the marginal benefit of taking a class exceeds its marginal cost. When Lauren takes 1 class, her marginal benefit ($23 ) exceeds the marginal cost ($20). But if Lauren takes the second class, her marginal cost of $20 exceeds the marginal benefit of $19. Hence Lauren’s optimal number of karate class per week is one. b) Georgia’s optimal number of karate classes per week is 2 since when she takes two classes; her marginal benefit of $22 exceeds her marginal cost of $20. Question 12: The following table shows the marginal cost and marginal benefit De Beers receive at each quantity of diamond produced: Quantity of Diamonds Total benefit ($) Marginal Benefit ($) Total cost ($) Marginal cost ($) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000 1000 50 50 2 1900 900 100 50 3 2700 800 200 100 4 3400 700 400 200 5 4000 600 800 400 6 4500 500 1500 700 7 4900 400 2500 1000 8 5200 300 3800 1300 As shown above, De Beers marginal cost of producing the sixth diamond exceeds the marginal revenue received. Hence De Beers should produce five diamonds as this is the optimal quantity of diamonds De Beers should produce to maximize its t otal gain. The above graph shows that De Beers should produce 5 diamonds. If De Beers produce more than 5 diamonds, the marginal cost will exceed the marginal benefit which will reduce the overall benefit of De Beers. c) The following table shows that De Beers earns the gains the highest when 5 diamonds are produced. De Beers’ highest net gain is $3200 if 5 diamonds are produced. Total benefit ($) Total cost ($) Net gain ($) 0 0 0 1000 50 950 1900 100 1800 2700 200 2500 3400 400 3000 4000 800 3200 4500 1500 3000 4900 2500 2400 5200 3800

How effective is the United Nations in global governance Essay

How effective is the United Nations in global governance - Essay Example To achieve this goal, this paper has been divided in to nine sections. The paper will be initiated with the background of the UN, its aims and principles. It will be followed by its major involvement in international security and peace projects post cold war, and its failures in Rwanda projects, its silence post 9/11 and other major events. The research has been conducted by referring to many prominent books and reliable websites, journals that offers authentic reports and information regarding UN. About United Nation As Higgins(Higgins, R) mentions in his report ‘Peace and Security, achievements and failures’ that it is impossible to understand or analyze the effective measures of the UN without knowing what initial measures were intended by this organization. What were the challenges that it has faced since decades. After the Second World War, 51 countries were joined together to form an international organization in the year 1945. It was aimed that the formation of th is organization will help maintain a healthy and friendly relationship between nations worldwide, to maintain international peace, security and to promote social progress. It also focused on improving the living standards and human rights too (â€Å"The UN in Brief†). President of United States of America, Franklin D. Roosevelt gave the name UNITED NATION and it was declared on 1st of January 1945, when countries were engaged in World War 2 (â€Å"The UN in Brief†). Before the establishment of United Nation, several attempts were made by many countries to organize special bodies for similar causes.Then formally, on a larger scale the UN organization was established on 24th of October 1945 and each year, this day is celebrated as United Nations day globally (â€Å"The UN in Brief†). IT consists of 192 members and when General Assembly is conducted, the members meet and discuss global issues together (â€Å"Introduction to the United Nations†). As per this document, the aims and principles of United Nations are mentioned below (â€Å"Introduction to the United Nations†). Aims of United Nation 1. To maintain peace among nations globally 2. Encouraging and developing friendly relations among countries 3. To make efforts in improving the quality of education and eradicating illiteracy 4. To stop the destruction of environment, gender equality and diseases 5. To provide help, rights, respect , security and freedom for all nations 6. To provide aid and support to developing nations to achieve their respective goals Principles of United Nations 1. All the member states should acquire the sovereign equality 2. The charter (fundamental treaty of the UN) must be followed and obeyed by every member states 3. Any differences between nations should be solved in a peaceful manner 4. Every country should avoid using force and must not threaten other nations in using the force 5. Every country should make efforts in assisting United Nations T he Main Organs of United Nations According to the official website of United Nations, there are five main organs of this organization (â€Å"The UN in Brief†). They are- 1. The General Assembly 2. The Security council 3. The Economic and social Council 4. The Trusteeship Council 5. Secretariat and 6. International Court of Justice Fig 1.2- A diagram will project a clear understanding of the main organs of UN (â€Å"

Did Pablo Escobar Deserve the Title of Robin Hood?

Did Pablo Escobar Deserve the Title of Robin Hood? Abstract My report will be covering the honourable and wicked activities of Pablo Escobar and his influence on the West (Colombia in particular) politically, environmentally and socially. My secondary research will provide me with this information and allow me to question it, the sources will include magazines, books, internet research, interviews, documentaries, pamphlets, government files and podcasts. My methodology also includes a survey for my primary research questioning peoples opinions on him before and after receiving explicit information on him and an interview with Sebastian Marroquin (Escobars son, therefore an expert on him) by email. My conclusion will delve into the ratio of good to bad and look at the extremity of them and my own judgement of peoples views on him and understand why people have those opinions on him. My conclusion will not have a single answer to my title as it is personal however it will be biased as a result of my findings. Introduction Pablo Escobar was a Colombian drug lord who had conducted the Medellin Cartel whilst controlling 80% of cocaine in the USA (Rockfeller 2012). Understandably, he had confrontations with government officials, however, his run-ins had escalated to hostilities with the government within a in a short time as he could no longer bribe officials as they were adamant on extraditing him to the United States of America as a result of Colombias extradition treaty with America(the amazing stories one). Escobar felt strongly against this and had executed actions to prevent it,, which had led to the death of: presidents, candidates running for presidency, government officials, police officers and the Colombian magistrates in the Supreme Court and many more with the order of assassinations (Dupler 1998). On the other hand, he had provided large sums of charitable contributions to Colombia especially Medellin, which is a densely populated deprived urban city estranged from helpful welfare from the go vernment, with the construction of houses and leisure facilities and schools as well as simply handing cash earned from his drug cartel (Bowden 2011). Because of this he was given the name Robin Hood, a figure that steals from the rich and gives to the poor, as well as being glorified in north-western culture because of his venerated portrayal in successful Hollywood films and TV shows.   Nevertheless many (mainly officials and those affected by his endeavours indirectly and directly) view him less enthusiastically and have portrayed him as a terrorist and have even compared him to dictators like Adolf Hitler by the DEA officer Stephan Murphy (Dupler 1998). He had also threatened Colombias political and justice stability, which had made him a target for America. People claim to understand and believe they know right from wrong but they tend to be biased and let experiences shadow their judgement, whilst understanding different regions version of right and wrong. Being interested in history and how politics works differently around the world I wanted to explore one of the most controversial publicised and misjudged topics of this area. This topic manages to touch on/ allows me to use skills from all 3 of the subjects I perform at A level, which are Politics, History and media Literature Review The topic of Pablo Escobar and his impact in Colombia is a very sensitive topic as the same amount of people have been affected differently from his direct and indirect deeds creating conflict that is difficult to overcome because of this. His impact on Colombia has remained an important topic in the country as residents of the country are uncertain whether their views are acceptable especially those favouring Escobar are afraid to express their opinion on Escobar as they are afraid of backlash from those that think otherwise, who view his behaviour morally wrong and believe those favouring him are doing so for materialistic reasons, nothing else. My dissertation will cover Escobars background, his impacts on Colombia, and reactions to them, which will uncover the debate on whether Pablo Escobar is the Robin Hood supporters named him or the villain opposes label him as. The super majority of my research came from online articles/newspaper articles and general internet research from credible organisations and the majority from interviews/broad-spectrum of videos on YouTube and documentaries and a minority from books in Nottingham Trent Universitys library and a minority of it from television programmes. My initial aim was to gather information on Pablo Escobars behaviour and develop and understanding of his persona, along with this I intended on uncovering different opinions on him from dissimilar individuals who have had different experiences with Escobar. My first footstep of research had the objective of gaining an understanding on how opinions on Escobar had varied from a viewers perspective by watching Narcos. It had noticeably dramatized situations included in the storyline and the directing and explicit use of effective technical codes display how the glorification of him is developed. To receive an accurate timeline of Escobars life I watched Pablo Escobar: King of Coke both of these sources had provided me with information to assemble the timeline of his conducts. Despite the documentary being a secondary source it had exhibited explicit opinions and daily endeavours of Escobars from DEA officers that had been observing him for over 37 years, thus having credible opinions. In addition to this, the documentary had contained FBI files, which are also primary resources, further described Escobars daily actions, for example his encounters and his daily activities suggesting peculiar behaviour, as well as this interviews with other officials unveiling scenarios they were involved in/ had observed/ had researched, whilst including their verdict on how they perceived his behaviour. The dissection of his behaviour was very rational and had exhibited that they understood Escobars true motives, which they demonstrated as being manipulative illuminating the reasoning behind his claims of humble acts by linking it to how it can benefit him personally by avoiding extradition to the US and defend his cartel from exposure. This source had shown me a strong link on how it was mainly elites, who hadnt felt the strong benefits the deprived in Colombia, despised him more than the deprived worshipped him, however there was more deprived than elites, which had created friction between them and Escobar had noted this so he had used it to his benefit. However theres a lack of evidence to suggest that Escobar used the deprived to his advantage as he would always deny it and it was mainly assumptions, on the other hand, the assum ption appears frequently by different people in different ways. To understand how the figures in the documentary distinguished these statements, I had read FBI records: the fault, Pablo Escobar part 1 of 8 to discover any anomalies of usual behaviour that could be linked to Escobar and behaviour the figures had been indirectly referring to. The majority of the files findings were covered with blocks denying me of credible and valuable primary sources. Nonetheless, I had discovered from them unusual meetings with figures e.g. workers of the Cali Cartel for negotiations and workers of his Medellin Cartel that had travelled to him in unauthorised aeroplanes from Miami, which contains the greatest consumers and distributers (to the rest of America) of Cocaine, despite these persistent links no acceptable action (that could wrong-foot him) with regards to investigation had been executed. This had suggested that Escobar had managed to bribe Colombian officers with his philosophy plata o plomo which translates to lead or silver; meaning accept death or accept Escobars bribe of money if not this he wouldve intercepted run-ins any other way with his calculating methods to avoid charges. This further suggests that officers had turned a blind eye and accepted Escobars authority, which had allowed him to increase his supremacy by expanding his influence, as the police officers had implied he was able to do this. On the other hand there couldnt have been enough evidence to involve higher ranking officers and officials to prevent this because of Escobars ability to cover up evidence sufficient enough. This had led me to one of my overall conclusion that Escobar had managed to prosper because of procedures and corruption in Colombia. Escobar viewing his harmful behaviour as being acceptable from situations allowing it has proved to be an occurring, therefore significant, factor. This acceptance and enforcement of his behaviour isnt something that can be taken so lightly and easily as sudden as it was bought to Escobar, the secondary research sources La Violencia in Colombia and Growing Up Amid War Affects Childrens Moral Development display that Escobars dysfunctional morals were a result of trauma and discussed how they had been altered and the extremity of the impact of La Violencia wouldve amplified the effects. This had displayed and highlighted how experience, although not apparent from Escobars attentive presentation of himself to the world, had blurred Escobars understanding from right and wrong and that theres many perspectives that need to be observed and understood in order to distinguish if perspectives towards him are capable of being empathised with. Furthermore, itd shown me how La Violencia had cre ated a perfect atmosphere for a Robin Hood-like figure to appear, which had displayed why Escobar had many supporters and why officials remained in the shadow to his glorification. References Dupler, S (1998) Pablo Escobar: King of Coke. [online]. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sp4KkJ12aPQ Narcos, 2015. [DVD] Josà © Padilha, Colombia/America Rockefeller, J.D (2012). Pablo Escobar Mark Bowden (2001). Killing Pablo

Free Essay - The Scarlet Letter and the Christian Utopia :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter and the Christian Utopia Throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne develops the Christian Utopia to present to the reader the ideals and way of life the Puritans faced. The main character, Hester Prynne, commits a crime so unfathomable by the society yet she was able to live her life independent from the norms and values. Judgments of society's moral transgressions have altered since the Puritan era in such a way that we are no longer severely condemned for our principles. People are forgiven for their sins, but nonetheless they are forever persecuted to live with the shame such as Hester did in the novel. The Puritans believed that the Christian Utopia could be achieved by obeying a certain rule. Spirituality played a key component in dictating their lives. Hester for example, did not go against her community on purpose, but acted independently and followed the path of human nature. She still possessed religious morals. Yet this is disregarded by her act of adultery. In society during that time period, no matter how much good one does, the latter is what takes hold. Thus Hester is labeled to wearing the scarlet letter "A", in addition to having to take care of her fatherless child. Today, people do turn to religion for guidance, but not to the point where religion commands every action a person makes. People have drifted away from the black and white customs and adapted color and emotion to the path of life. People are given the opportunity to give up a child born out of wedlock to an adoption agency. Single mothers can attend schools with daycares. This is far from what H ester could ever imagine. Hawthorne develops Hester's character in an exaggeration through the usage of symbolism, to further emphasis the level of severity of her crime. "She clutched the child so fiercely to her breast, that it sent forth a cry; she turned her eyes downward at the scarlet letter, and even touched it with her finger, to assure herself that the infant and the shame were real" (Hawthorne 41). The Puritans viewed man as an animal, as if people needed to be controlled. Hawthorne shows that the balance between Man and Morality is not equal in the face of the Puritans.